Rationalism vs Empiricism Using Descartes 2nd Meditation & Hume Essay Example for Free

Rationalism vs Empiricism Using Descartes 2nd Meditation Hume Essay Q3:What are the main differences between rationalism and empiricism as approaches to knowledge? Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each, using Descartes (Second Meditation) as the example of a rationalist, and Hume or Locke as the example of an empiricist. In your view which approach better explains the common-sense knowledge of the world that we take for granted? Common-sense knowledge is information we know and understand unproblematically. It could be that a spider has six legs, your two times tables or that in answering a multiple choice test, it is a good idea to bring a rubber and fill in your answers in pencil. It is information gained from ordinary life. Epistemology is a philosophical term in reference to the nature and limitations of knowledge. It addresses firstly what is knowledge, secondly how is knowledge acquired and thirdly the limitations of knowledge. Rationalism and empiricism are two approaches which seek to provide answers to these questions (Cottingham, 1988). Empiricism perceives that the development of concepts and ideas are dependent on the senses (Markie, 2008). Alternatively rationalism ascertains that reasoning, intuition and deduction are the ultimate vehicles to acquiring knowledge, not sensory experience. These theories do not necessarily exist in opposition of each other, but can co-exist to describe how one views the acquisition of knowledge in different fields (Markie, 2008). Throughout this essay, I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each view using Descartes’ ‘Second Meditation’ in contrast to Hume’s ‘Enquiry Concerning the Human Understanding’. I will then elaborate how the Empiricist perspective provides a better explanation to common sense knowledge of the world we live in. Rationalism Rationalism is a method in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive. The rationalistic perspective survives on the assumption that firstly, there is a rational structure to the world and secondly, that people have the capacity to comprehend it. It utilises the deductive methods of logic to provide a model for all human knowledge and relies on intuition (Markie, 2008). This is not always the case, so this philosophy cannot be relied in all circumstances. Rationalism is founded on the thesis of Intuition/Deduction, thesis of Innate Knowledge or Innate Concept thesis separately or in some combination (Markie, 2008). The Intuition/Deduction thesis proposes that in a particular subject area, some information is known by intuition alone or that knowledge is gained by deduction from intuited propositions. Experiences are incapable of developing one’s knowledge but can catalyse thinking causing knowledge to progress from unconsciousness to consciousness (Cottingham, 1988). The Innate Knowledge thesis asserts that some knowledge is inherent within humanity like DNA, as part of our rational nature. The Innate Concept theory is based on the assertion that some of our concepts are not gained from experience (Markie, 2008). The rational nature organically possesses an individual’s concepts. Sense experiences might catalyse a process by which concepts are better understood but experience does not provide the concepts or determine the information they contain, rationality does (Markie, 2008). Other minor theories which are used less significantly to endorse Rationalism are the Indispensability of Reason Thesis and the Superiority of Reason Thesis. The Indispensability of Reason theorem states that we gain knowledge in a certain area when we utilise deduction and employ intuition. The Innate concepts and instances could not have been gained through the sense experience. The second strain stems that knowledge gained â€Å"a priori† through reasoning is superior to that gained through experience (Markie, 2008). In reference to Descartes’ Second Meditation, he explains how rationality can be used to pick up information that is not completely provided by the senses through the example of the hats and coats (Descartes, 1984). Rationalism can provide knowledge which is otherwise unattainable â€Å"Something which I thought was seeing with my eyes is in fact solely grasped by the faculty of judgement which is my mind. † Empiricism Empiricism is the other branch of epistemology, where knowledge is discovered through experience and observation, modelled on natural sciences. Knowledge is â€Å"a posteriori† catalysed by a sensory experience (Markie, 2008). Empiricism is not based on a definitive complete rational system of knowledge but does provide verifiable understandings and information, useful for everyday life (Hume, 1975). In David Hume’s piece â€Å"An enquiry concerning the human understanding and concerning the principals of morals†, Hume purports that the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦most lively thought is still inferior to the dullest sensation. † Hume interjects that thoughts and ideas are less lively perceptions in contrast to impressions where we are encouraged to feel, experience and will (Hume, 1975). He labours his point through the example of the man in a fit of rage, as opposed to someone thinking of espousing those feelings. Rationalism only recalls the information or experience. It is incomparable to the intensity from the original experience provided by empiricism. It might appear that thoughts are without the same restrictions the body possess (Hume, 1975). In reality they have ‘narrowly confined limits with no more creative power than compounding, transposing, augmenting or diminishing the materials provided by the senses’. If a person is without the capacity of one of the senses, they are devoid of the information provided by that sense and are incapable of understanding information attached to that sensation (Hume, 1975). Restoring that sense enables them to receive sensory input, enabling them to conceive the attached ideas. This proves the importance of the sensory experience and that without it understanding is impossible. Comparison In my opinion, Empiricism better explains the common-sense view of the world. This is because knowledge gained through rational thought however much you can understand it, is not engrained or integrated into your core beliefs to the same degree as that gained through tangible experience. Knowledge gained through experience is more strongly felt and can be considered to be superior to knowledge gained by reflection (Hume, 1975). Without an experience of the subject in focus, the information is detached and reflection cannot proceed to occur. Intuition and deduction, however relevant, are open to deception and can lead to inaccurate assumptions. People previously believed the earth was flat and the earth was the centre of the universe, as this â€Å"information† fit their current schemas. It made sense but lead to wrong conclusions as it lacked testing. It is through empirical observation that accurate insight was reached. Their rational thinking followed logical deduction and was believed to be correct due to their intuition, but even rational thinking can be fallible leading to wrong assumptions (Descartes, 1984). It is proven that when people possess strongly held beliefs, they perceive information in such a way to support their current understanding and deny opposing views, filtering out information that does not fit their current schemas like putting blinkers on a horse. Although they believe their thoughts to be rational, their powers of deduction are compromised and can be rationally wrong. This significantly limits their ability to gain knowledge (Descartes, 1984). Conclusion Rationalism and Empiricism are two distinctly different views relating to epistemology and the degree of input that the senses provide in the formation of knowledge. Rationalism through intuition, deduction and rational logic ascertains certain knowledge which perhaps cannot be scientifically proven through observation (Markie, 2008). On the other hand, Empiricism understands the role of sensory experience and observation in order to develop one’s knowledge. In reality, both are useful and even essential to the formation of any knowledge. References Cottingham, P (1988) The Rationalists, Oxford University Press. Oxford; New York Descartes, R. (1984) Meditations. Second Meditation, ‘The nature of the human mind, how it is better known than the body’, translated by Cottingham, J. in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol II (Cambridge U. P. , 1984) pp 16-23 Hume, D. (1975) An enquiry Concerning Human Understanding [Section 2, ‘Of the Origin of Ideas’ (P. H. Nidditch, ed. , Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), pp17-22. Markie, P (2008), Rationalism vs. Empiricism, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, viewed 2nd October 2011, http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/.

Green Chemistry Essay -- essays research papers

If We Had Known About Green Chemistry In 1951, How Would Things Be Different Today? Green Chemistry is the making of chemical products that reduces or eliminates the use and production of hazardous substances in the designing, making, and use of chemical products. It involves the designing and re-designing of chemical creation and chemical products to prevent pollution which will therefore solve environmental problems. Green Chemistry is environmentally safe and has very little side effects on human health and the environment. Not many people know about Green Chemistry. Yet if we had know about Green Chemistry back around 1951, when the world began to develop it’s industries - such as farming, after World War II we wouldn’t now be battling things such as damage to the ozone layer, diseases and harm to the environment, caused by chemical pesticides and dumping of chemicals into our oceans and other waterways. Not enough people realise the importance of chemicals and green chemistry in everyday life. Most people think of chemicals as poisonous pesticides and or pollution. But it’s not. Chemicals can be used to help the environment. If we had known about Green Chemistry earlier many people could have been saved from diseases that were caused by chemical pollution. For example Asbestos is a chemical product used in buildings and trains. It has a hazardous effect on human health. Very fine dust particles break out of Asbestos products and when breathed in, enters and poisons ...

Islam in Southeast Asia

In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Malay Archipelago, the Chola Navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman, Kadaram (Kedah), an important fortified city in the Malayan peninsula was sacked and the king was taken captive. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in the year 1267, and many other rulers follow suit. There are several theories to the Islamization process in Southeast Asia. The first theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders brought Islam to the region. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis. The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by syncretising Islamic ideas with existing local beliefs and religious notions. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam which further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as the religion provided a unifying force among the ruling and trading classes. ( Do?n nay e k bi?t co nen d? th? nay khong, vi no la 2 gi? thuy?t nen nghe no c? k tin c?y). Islam in Indonesia. As we know, Islam is the dominant religion in Indonesia, but not many people know that the amount of Muslims in Indonesia is larger than anywhere else in the world, with approximately 202. 9 million identified as Muslim (88. 2% of the total population) as of 2009. To foreign observers as well as to many Indonesians themselves, Indonesian Islam has always appeared to be very different from Islam at most other places, especially from the way it is practised in the Arabian peninsula. The religious attitudes of the Indonesians, it was often said, were more influenced by the Indian religions (Hinduism, Buddhism) that had long been established in the Archipelago and the even older indigenous religions with their ancestor cults and veneration of earth gods and a plethora of spirits. Many contemporary Indonesian Muslims refuse to recognise them as Islamic because they conflict with modern conceptions of (universal) Islam. In many cases, however, they came to Indonesia as part of Muslim civilisation, even if they did not perhaps belong to the core of Muslim religion. They represent an earlier wave of Islamisation. Islam In Malaysia Malaysia is a multiconfessional country with Islam being the largest practiced religion, comprising approximately 61. 4% Muslim adherents, or around 17 million people. In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Malay Archipelago, the Chola Navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman, Kadaram (Kedah), an important fortified city in the Malayan peninsula was sacked and the king was taken captive. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in the year 1267, and many other rulers follow suit. The local population saw that Islam could extricate them from this bondage and provide the means for the extirpation of social evils. The new religion gave the small man a sense of this individual worth – the dignity of man – as a member of an Islamic community. Originally, the draft Constitution of Malaysia did not specify any official religion for the state. This move was supported by the rulers of the nine Malay states, who felt that it was sufficient that Islam was the official religion of each of their individual states. However, Justice Hakim Abdul Hamid of the Reid Commission which drafted the Constitution came out strongly in favour of making Islam the official religion, and as a result the final Constitution named Islam as the official religion of Malaysia. Islam in the Malay Archipelago in general and Malaysia in particular follows the Shafi Madhab (school of thought). However there are many Muslims in Malaysia who do not follow any particular school. In Perlis, the state constitution specifies that Perlis follows the Qur'an and Sunnah and not a particular madhab. Many Muslims in Perlis therefore do not follow any madhab, as is the case with the followers and members of the Muhammadiyah Organisation in Indonesia. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Southeast_Asia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia Global and Local in Indonesian Islam  by Prof. Martin Van Bruinessen,  Southeast Asian Studies (Kyoto)  vol. 37, no. 2 (1999), 46-63. http://www.islamcan.com/islamic-history/islam-in-malaysia.shtml

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The Health Care System Of America Essay - 2131 Words

The health care system in America has continued to fail many Americans until date. Although the government continues to try and improve it, America still has one of the most expensive yet worst health care systems in the developed world (Hellman, 2014). Health care reform needs to be greatly focused on in order to combat the inequalities within the system. While reading Mama Might Be Better Off Dead: The Failure of Health Care in Urban America, the author described numerous ways in which the health care system failed the Banes’s family. As a Social Worker, my goal is to improve society s overall well-being for all populations. In the book, Abraham (1993) gave us a detailed account of the Banes’s, a poor African American family coping with distressing illnesses and living in a poor community. The Bane’s struggled indefinitely trying to access good medical care and insurance. The family experienced instances where the services they received were not sufficient. One instance that made me as a Social Worker uncomfortable was pertaining to Robert’s lack of knowledge on his need of care. When Robert received the first sign that his kidneys were failing, he received a diagnosis of focal glomerulosclerosis. This condition was fatal and Robert had not received any treatment for it neither did he see a doctor again for this issue until four years later. This instance is a problem because it shows a lack of care, follow- up and knowledge on the subject matter given on behalf of hisShow MoreRelatedThe Health Care System Of America Essay2157 Words   |  9 PagesThe health care system in America is unlike any other. Many Americans go into debt every day because of medical bills and costs. America is the one of the only countries in the world that has its citizens falling into bankruptcy due to healthcare costs. Not only is the healthcare expensive and doesn’t extend care to everyone, the system treats those of different races differently. 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Each nation’s health care system is a reflection of it’s history, politics, economy, and national values (Reid, 2009). Although there are local varations of health care systems, they all tend to follow the same general pattern. In some models, government is both the provider of health care and the payer. In others, doctors and hospitals are in theRead MoreUs vs Canada Health Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween health care in the United States and health care in Canada has been a continuing debate. America does not have a universal health coverage plan for its population, while Canadians are privileged to have universal health coverage. Normally a patient will pay twice as much for health coverage in the United States compared to treatment in Canada. This puts the US in first position of having the most expensive health care system on earth. (http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/health-care-for-all/has-canada-got-the-cure)

The Virtuous Manager - 1658 Words

The Virtuous Manager Enron was the model for rapid growth in the 1990’s but part of the culture and ethics of Enron was disturbing. Falsified documents, cutthroat competitiveness among employees and accounting schemes that hid the truth of the company’s indebtedness were just a few examples of the lack of business ethics within the organization. Perhaps a more virtuous management team could have saved Enron from collapse. Culture of Enron An Indicator of Corruption Enron’s management style was apparent from the early years of the organization. In 1987, traders in New York manipulated transactions so it would appear as though volume was higher. Falsified transactions significantly increased the traders’ bonus pay out. A truly virtuous†¦show more content†¦Shareholder management was an even higher priority if management’s compensation was tied to the company stock price. Managing for stakeholders should not elevate one group to a status higher than another for each group is dependent upon another. So how would a virtuous manager have handled the issues of corruption, employee performance and fraudulent accounting methods in Enron? Clean House Corruption, fraud and low employee morale can be infectious diseases within a corporation. In order to prevent the spread of an infection it must be removed. In 1991 Salonom, Inc. was about to fall upon difficult times when reports surfaced of an illegal bid for U.S. treasury securities was made by a Salomon trader. Like Lay, CEO John Gutfreund knew of the problems within the corporation when he had been warned of the illegal bid. Unfortunately, â€Å"Gutfreund did not take the warning seriously and failed to report it for more than three months† (Enron’s Kenneth Lay: The Last Road Not Taken, 2002). 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Plagiarism And Its Effect On Society Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Plagiarism And Its Effect On Society. Answer: Thesis Statement: Plagiarism has a bad influence on the Society Plagiarism refers to the stealing of the language, thoughts and ideas of another author. It occurs when an individual copies elements from the work of another author and passes it off as his own. It is indicative of wrongful appropriation and is an act of academic dishonesty. It leads to the breach of the ethics related to journalism. It is subjected to different kinds of sanctions like penalty and suspension. The notion that the original is an ideal rose in Europe in the 18th century with the dawning of the Romantic movement. Plagiarism is not a crime in itself but it constitutes the issue of copyright infringement (Anglil-Carter 2014). It is generally held that the idea of plagiarism and that of copyright infringement overlap considerably. Plagiarism cannot be punished by the law but it is the educational institutions that punish instances of plagiarism. Minimum amount of plagiarism exists in the educational sector in which a person commits plagiarism by the substitution of the synonyms. Falsification along with fabrication also account for major offences besides that of plagiarism. Alteration of the research materials and the result of the research not being reflected in the proper manner leads to falsification. This has a bearing on the credibility of research. According to White (2013), act relating to overt plagiarism is a failure in terms of personal integrity. It shows lack of the element of professionalism. An experience at the geriatric fellowship has shown that problem pertaining to plagiarism is more wide spread than it is recognized. It was found that three out of the total of 26 applications was consisting of plagiarized portions from that of a single website. It has been stated by Louw and Pieterse (2015) that this kind of incident of documentation of plagiarism can help in raising awareness among that of the medical edu cators. Some of the citizens do not recognize the fact that copying from sources verbatim amounts to plagiarism. According to Weber-Wulff (2014), plagiarism is not synonymous with the concept of copyright infringement. They are indicative of different concepts. False claims in relation to authorship constitute the issue of plagiarism irrespective of the factor whether the material has been protected by copyright. The violation of the rights of the copyright holder is termed as copyright infringement and in this case material of a person (restricted by virtue of copyright) is used without his consent. Plagiarism on the other hand refers to the unearned increment of plagiarizing of the reputation of an author. It refers to achieving false claim of that of authorship and it is a moral offence to the audience of the plagiarist (Chien 2014). It is also considered to be an offence for those who has provided the particular plagiarist with the benefit. The publisher of the plagiarist is also committing an act of moral offense in this kind of a case. In the field of academia, plagiarism is held to be an act of academic dishonesty and the offenders are subjected to expulsion. There are certain institutions that make use of plagiarism detected software in order to uncover instances of potential plagiarism. According to Stuhmcke, Booth and Wangmann (2016), plagiarism is not an innovative problem and dependence on the factor of internet has increased the opportunities in relation to plagiarism. The careless cutting and pasting poses problem for the unwary users of Internet. There are a large number of websites in the present age that provides students with the opportunity to download term papers free of cost. It has been argued by Appiah (2016) that they tend to present themselves as research assistance but they offer possibilities relating to plagiarism. They tend to provide guidance to the students who are under undue pressure. It is mentioned over there that students should use the papers like models. It has been argued by Dalal ( 2015) that the students in haste often end up using the material of the papers that amounts to plagiarism. The authors credentials should always be asked because a paper that is anonymous can be indicative of another student. Level Three Plagiarism is considered to be a very serious form of plagiarism. It occurs when the conduct of the student is dishonest and the plagiarism compromise the process of assessment. This occurs when the work has been got from that of another person. It happens when the work of the student is similar to that of the work of other student that is inclusive of that of assignment of the previous years. Large sections are copied from that of other source and it is presented in a manner as if it is his own work. The lack of necessary citation also leads to academic misconduct. Plagiarism cannot be simply be termed as a black-and-white issue. According to Amos (2014), boundary between that of plagiarism and that of research is indistinct. On the event of the writer writing from the work of another author leads to plagiarism. When the writer copies from that of different sources and retains the original phrasing then it amounts to plagiarism. The retaining of the content of the source but changing of key phrases paves the path for plagiarism. It is found that when the writer borrows from his previous work then it also violates the policies relating to plagiarism. Self-plagiarism can be defined in three manners within the relevant literature (Anglil-Carter 2014). It means the publishing of paper that overlaps with that of another paper and it is not acknowledged properly. Dividing a large paper into that of smaller papers and then publishing them on separate basis can be tantamount to that of plagiarism. Scientific integrity is dependent on honesty along with that of transparency of method that transfers knowledge. It has been argued by Bruton and Childers (2016) that re-publishing the same results in different papers and multiple recalculations of that of the same result can lead to errors in the process of research. Redundant publication takes place in case of an overlap between the two papers. This includes the overlapping with that of another author and their results. According to Risquez, ODwyer and Ledwith (2013), re-publishing done in a deceptive manner cannot be accepted and it points forward to three problems. It can be unethical, waste the resources and has bad impact on that of future research decision. Redundant publication can mislead readers and reduce credibility in relation to the journal. It can prove to be a hindrance in the area of attracting good papers. Duplicate publication waste the resources and it wastes the time that should be allocated to that of other pape r. Plagiarism not only exists in the field of education but in different sectors like that of music, journalism, movies and literature. Music Plagiarism refers to the imitation of the music of another author and it exists in two contexts- musical idea or that of sampling. In the arena of classical music, there is a software that can automatically generate music in style of that of another composer. David Cope has written down software system by the name of Experiments in Musical Intelligence (Yadav, Rawal and Baxi 2016). It can analyze from that of existing music by human composer in order to generate new musical composition. In the case of classical music, there are certain software that can generate music automatically in another composers style by making use of the musical analysis of the works. According to McGinnis (2013), sampling is an area of argument from the point of view of the legal. The sampling artists of the earlier era made use of the recordings of other artists without asking for their permission. Hip hop and other forms of music started to incorporate samples and became rich. Original artists hence started to take legal action and claimed infringement of copyright. In the present age, most of the artists obtain authorization before using the samples which is termed as clearing (Lewis and Zhong 2013). They gain permission so that they can use the sample by the payment of upfront fee. Movies provide entertainment but plagiarism has pervaded this world of entertainment. According to Lewis (2013), movies were initially meant to be original in terms of concept and artistic however it has deviated a lot from its original purpose. Plagiarism has affected world of movie making and the manner in which movies are played. In the world of movies, one copies or acquires data from that of another movie and create a movie as if it is ones original. It is the duty of authorities releasing movie to check originality in terms of the print. It is their responsibility to determine the extent of the plagiarism. There are definite standard to which plagiarism can be allowed but beyond a certain point it can seriously injure the business of the particular movie from which matter has been copied (Louw and Pieterse 2015). There are certain measures that should be adopted so that the movie-makers do not indulge themselves in the negative act of plagiarism. In the present age, plagiarism has reached the zenith and sound effect, back ground and technique is being copied from that of another source. In terms of journalism, plagiarism is the breach in relation to journalistic ethics. Reporters who are caught in the act of plagiarizing have to withstand disciplinary measures that can range from that of suspension to that of termination in relation to employment. According to Groshek and Conway (2013), there are some individuals who tend to claim that they have plagiarized unintentionally as they have failed to include the quotations. The developing of the Internet in which articles appear in the form of electronic text has made the process of copying many times easier. An incident that shook the world of journalism was the author named Neil Harman who was a well-known tennis correspondent being accused of plagiarism. He acted as the official Wimbledon Annual for the year 2013 which had been written down by him ten years earlier. Harman was removed from task of writing down the annual but his press access was not revoked (Groshek and Conway 2013). It was responsible for creating a lot of controversy however the book continued to be sold for many months within the gift shop. The public came to know about this issue in the year 2014 and Harman resigned from that of the International Tennis Writers Association. London Times also suspended him as the investigation was pending. According to Lewis (2013), the fall of grace of a person of stature like Neil Harman shook the world of journalism. This issue stood out owing to the fact of the role played by Wimbledon that is a reputed organization in the field of Tennis. Harman failed in duties in relation to the author and simultaneously tennis club also failed to deliver its duty as an employer. It failed in detecting plagiarism in the work of Harman but also did not remove the book quickly that compelled the issue to come to surface. Employers along with editors have to play an important role in relation to plagiarism especially when the issue of plagiarism has been detected. Wimbledon thus failed to fulfil its duty. Journalism does great service in delivering news to the public and this is a medium that is greatly relied upon by the common people (Tandoc and Jenkins 2017). Incidents like this shake the faith of the public in journalistic figures and tarnish the image of the sector of journalism. It is the dut y of journalism to expose incidents of crime and other aberrations from that of the normal course. The public will think twice before believing in the world of the media from next time onwards. This incidents related to plagiarism has an extremely negative impact on the society and moral consciousness on the part of the people can help in avoiding theses kind of incidents. Literature is another arena in which acts of plagiarism is rampant. Literary theft occurs when language and thought process of that of another author is imitated without crediting name of original author. According to Katz et al. (2016), the unauthorized use can put into jeopardy the original writer and hurt immensely the reputation of the author who is involved in the act of plagiarism. The iconic fashion designer called Vivienne Westwood had been accused of plagiarism in relation to her memoir. Paul Gorman who is an author of The Look: Adventures in Rock and Pop Fashion had been responsible for the allegations. It was claimed by him that there were 40 pages that bore similarity to his books. Later on, he shifted the blame from that of Westwood to the co-author of the book called Ian Kelly. Westwood is a big name in the world of fashion. The memoir was able to sell extremely well because of her unique position within the industry. A memoir is supposed to be a personal work that reflects the thought of author in a very intimate manner. It has been argued by Anglil-Carter (2014), that it is supposed to mirror the life of the author and the allegation of plagiarism had grave impact on the name of Westwood. The popularity of the book was greatly shaken owing to this incident and it completely tarnished the credibility of the memoir. It could have been a jewel in the career of Westwood but this act of plagiarism completely destroyed her public image. The memoir is a personal work and it should have been ensured that it is devoid of any kind of plagiarism. The editor along with that of the publisher had failed to serve their duty. Plagiarism can shroud in darkness the professional career of an individual. The plagiarism can be asked to leave the job and he can also be fired. It becomes difficult for the individual to search for employment within the same field. Public figures have to face severe consequences and it destroys the reputation of the individual in front of the public. The individual reading the plagiarized material may be unaware that the work has been copied from that of another work. It is thus a blow for the element of credibility of an individual. The public becomes gullible since they are unaware that the work has been copied from another source. Plagiarism is an old problem that still persists in the society and the spread of internet has increased the cases of plagiarism. Cutting along with pasting that is done carelessly adds to the problem of plagiarism. There are many websites that allow the students with opportunity to download paper. This also adds to the problem of plagiarism and level three plagiarism occurs owing to academic misconduct. Self-plagiarism occurs when one paper is published that overlaps with that of another paper without proper acknowledgement. Division of a large paper into many small papers can also cause plagiarism. Plagiarism not only occurs in education but also in music, literature and journalism. 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